Genital human papillomavirus is a sexually transmitted disease. Basically, it affects the skin, and mucous membrane. From credible medical sources it’s established that there are around forty types of this infection, which attacks, genital areas of both men and women, destroying skin of the penis, vulva as well as the lining of the vagina, anus, cervix and the rectum. Generally, most people with hpv do not know whether they are infected, one of the apparent reasons is that, they rarely get sick or develop symptoms. However, it is estimated that certain classes of hpv do cause genital warts, while other Hpvs are said to cause cervical cancer and other moderate cases of cancer such as cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, and vagina. More so, it should be noted that, the hpv species that cause genital warts is dissimilar to the one that causes cancer (Macharia, 2006).
Naturally, genital warts commonly appear as small bump or a congregation of bumps around the genital area. Structurally, they can adopt to be flat, single or multiple and in some instance they adapt a cauliflower shape. Various credited studies have established that, the infection can occur around anus or the vagina, on the cervix or the penis including scrotum, groin, as well as thighs. After infection, warts may appear after some weeks or months. All in all, if left untreated, genital warts may end naturally, increase in size or remain unchanged but will not change into cancer.
Clinically, cervical cancer do not have symptoms until it reaches a certain level, thus it’s advisable for women to undergo screening regularly and this also applies to such cancers as of vagina, vulva, penis and anus which are less common but ought to be checked in order to avert any further growth or development. Hpv causes genital warts and cancer by causing normal cells on infected skin or mucous membranes to become abnormal. Often, the body fights the virus, though in some cases low risk genes of Hpv do cause visible changes that come in the form of genital warts. Nevertheless, in case of high risk Hpv infection, the virus can overtime stay in the human system for a long time and this can result in cancer if the body’s immune system fails to clear it away.
There is no cure for HPV, but there are treatments for the health tribulations that some types of HPV can create, like genital warts and cervical cancer. According to the Global Health Organization, it is estimated that over tw0 hundred million people across the world are infected with Hpv, hence the reports establishes that another five percentage globally get new Hpv infection each year. Most young men are at risk of contacting Hpv infection, this is attributed to the fact many of them are sexually active and rarely pays attention to preventive measures such as the use of condom, also in the same line is people who have multiple sexual partners. Hence, Hpv is the most common sexually transmitted disease across the world today. With the acknowledgment of the etiologic role of high-risk types of genital HPV infection in cervical cancer, there has been an intense focus on the use of HPV investigative tests in cervical cancer prevention activities (Evans, 1988).
Attention can be set primarily in three areas: tri-age of women with inferior Pap smear dissimilarities, key screening, and follow-up of women with established cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Every one of the three uses is based upon the connection of high-risk HPV types with high-grade antecedent lesions .The most expansively evaluated locale is HPV testing for triage of low-grade Pap smear abnormalities even though the majority of women with these cytologic findings have normal histology or lesions which are likely to relapse, minority will have CIN2/3, representing the majority of high-grade lesions in some settings. Existing managerial recommendations for women with low-grade abnormalities present various options, including follow-up Pap smear assessment with colposcopy only for those with persistent abnormalities or pressing colposcopy for all women. Neither approach is ideal. Routine colposcopy is costly and generates a large number of unnecessary procedures, while the follow-up Pap smear approach may result in women being lost to follow-up and lower cost-effectiveness, and both approaches may produce anxiety pending completion of the evaluation.
Thus, the most effective way of preventing Hpv is to avoid any contacts with the peoples infects areas or any elements that could or might have Hpv bacterial on the surface. Additionally another are that can end being a problem is communal facilities such as dormitories, gyms and health clubs. It is advisable to wear protective gears such as slippers or shoes in public showers or pools for this will help in preventing picking of Hpv, though many health clubs facilities are more than often disinfected. However, avoiding genital and anal diffusion is more complex. The only definite way to avoid spread is to steer clear of sexual contact with an infected or latently contaminated partner. HPV can be passed on during foreplay and during actions not relating to vaginal contact. Condoms may aid a little, but it's likely for HPV from warts or condylomas on a man's scrotum to make it to his partner's vulva by straight contact, then to the outside of the condom, and from there into the vagina.
Parallel considerations apply to anal sex. Since it's possible for a person with HPV to be contagious prior to the lesions appearance, sheer examination of a new partner isn't a complete assurance. As with all STDs, the risk of being infected with HPV increases with the figure of cohorts you have and the number of allies your partner has. in theory, barricade contraceptives such as condoms are less likely to be efficient in preventing infections such as genital HPV, which can involve the exterior genital skin, than they are for infections which are restricted to exact mucosal areas and spread by semen for example Chlamydia or gonorrhea, although assessment of possible advantage of condoms for HPV is stalled by lack of procedures of contagion. Studies which have tried to assess male condom benefit for women have commonly established no proof of protection alongside infection. However, obtainable information has not adequately assessed stability and suitability of condom use, and, in cross-sectional studies, HPV infection may have preceded condom use. There are data signifying a advantage of condom use for men, although the studies are limited and no data available for female condoms for either women or men.
Some reports have suggested a benefit in prevention of HPV-related disease such as., genital warts, SIL, cervical cancer, possibly by minimizing viral inoculums, repetitive viral exposure, or exposure to additional co-factors which might be mixed up in expansion of disease. Therefore, improved awareness by healthcare providers can be of great significance in that the public can be in a better position to understand the impact of this infection which can lead to other greater health concern such as HIV/AIDS. Thus, better provider and public understanding can advance running of patients and stipulation of information to them and their families or associates in the case of STD, and awareness in the general public can enhance responsiveness to deterrence actions, such as screening or inoculation.
Though, it is established that data on provider understanding about genital HPV infection is limited. They suggest that providers are largely conscious of the sexually transmitted character of the infection and its correlation to cervical cancer, but are less obvious about the link of genital warts to cancer, the suggestion for use of diverse executive strategies, transmission-related issues, and the indications for cohort assessment. This lack of clarity, coupled with anxiety over discussion of issues related to STD and sexuality and limited time for counseling/education, is often alleged by patients as insufficient information and advice. Limited data from selected populations show considerable levels of moving distress among patients with a diagnosis of genital HPV infection genital warts or abnormal Pap smears, which can far exceed the level of physical distress. These include feelings of shock, shame, anger at partners and providers, depression, and fear about sequelae and ongoing contagiousness which can be positively used to prevent and control the spread of this virus.
Therefore, the best and surest method to prevent potential genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact, as well as non-penetrative private contact of the genital area. For individuals who opt to be sexually vigorous, having a single uninfected partner is likely to be the subsequently most efficient way to thwart contamination. The human papillomavirus (HPV) bug itself and how it is passed from one person to another is intricate and not entirely understood by researchers. There are no credible tests that can estimate who will or is likely to transmit the virus. And more research and studies must be employed to determine the effectiveness of male or female condoms in aver transmission. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted an HPV vaccine—called Gardasil. The vaccine is approved for girls as little as nine, though routinely optional for girls of eleven years and above including older women who did not receive it when they were growing up.
Medical trials have revealed that the vaccine is secure and effective in preventing HPV strains such as 16 and 18, which contributes to almost seventy percent of cervical cancers. Gardasil, given in three injections over a period of six months, is also highly effective in stopping HPV strains 6 and 11, which cause over ninety percent of genital wart cases. However, although Gardasil prevents a significant ratio of HPV strains, it doesn't shield against all of them, hence it’s approved as a accompaniment to Pap tests. More so, the vaccine is not effective if a woman is already contaminated with one of these HPV strains. It has to be taken prior to infection. HPV screening is also a significant part of averting likely complications. Likewise, Pap test is the most credible way of screening Hpv, which is specifically premeditated to discover cervical cancer in its initial stage and can also uncover abnormal and HPV cells. In combination with the Pap test, the HPV test can be employed in older women to aid in detecting HPV infection.
When pooled with a Pap test in women of this age cluster, the HPV test is improved at identifying women at peril for developing cervical cancer than the Pap test only. In principal, it has been established there is no sure way that Hpv can be contained if any given individual is to be sexually active. Thus, if an individual opts to shun all sexual activities, there are possibilities that one could avoid Hpv, yet very few people are willing to take that channel, therefore, making sound choices as far as sex is concerned is important in that in one way or the other it could definitely have diverse impacts on an individual’s life. Clinically, it is recommended that, practicing safe sex, be it oral, vaginal or manual is crucial, this helps in that, the transmission of Hpv and other STDs is greatly minimized, however, it is wholly established that using condom alone cannot decrease the risk of infection.
Reducing the number of sexual partners helps in checking the spread of this infection among the peers and reduces the cost of funds to be used in case of treatment. This is not a strategy to say everyone should be monogamous. However, if you are with sexual cohorts who you have faith in, the stakes of being infected with Hpv are high, meaning you are significantly mounting your risks. Nevertheless, some of the preventive measures include encouraging girls and young women to get the HPV vaccine as a good gesture to prevent the potential swell of cervical cancer. As an alternative of paying for costly vaccines, funds should be exhausted making sure women and youth get regular pap smears – a test that is incredibly efficient in exposing cervical cancer.
Also abstinence programs instead of medical treatments are a superior way of preventing the swelling of the HPV virus. Information about the HPV vaccine should be incorporated in health education program in the schools.
Epidemiologic researches have revealed that HPV produces type-specific immunity. Every HPV type will generate a neutralizing agent that is efficient against only that type of HPV virus. There are a number of excellent candidates out there for a vaccine. The one that is most considered currently involves virus-like elements. Virus-like elements are purely the capsid proteins of the HPV virus devoid of any of the infective genetic mechanism being there. Hence, it emerges that, spermicidal foams, creams or jellies are not effective against any sexually transmitted disease (STD), including HPV. Therefore, most governments are advising youths that using vaginal contraceptives having nonoxynol-9 can raise vaginal irritation, which could result or mount the risk of infection. Additionally, having oral sex, they suggested, use of dental dam, plastic enclose or a split and compacted unlubricated condom. These resources present a moisture wall between the mouth and the vagina or anus for the duration of oral sex. Shun brushing or flossing your teeth before having oral sex, which may possibly rip the lining of the mouth. More so, be cautious about giving out sexual toys. It's potential that HPV could be passed through sexual toys that are inserted in the vagina but aren't comprehensively cleaned prior to being used by another person.
Human papillomavirus infections are a severe problem and like many other kind of viral diseases, its disease infections are persistent. The challenges posed by most viral diseases are that they are mostly incurable and therefore its prevention measures are much vital in the struggle to alleviations of their impacts. The treatment of HPV infections is sophisticated and in most cases they end up exasperating both the victims and the medical practitioners. As established, treatment prevents the occurrence severe conditions associated with the HPV infection.
It has been overt that treatment of HPV involves the treatment of its associated ailments which includes the genital warts and cervical cancers. The elimination of these problems takes various methods comprising of physical removal, freezing and painting. The methodology to be applied is determined by certain factors which on clinical considerations entail type and the magnitude of the warts.
In the painting methods, podophyllin and podophyllotoxin solutions are commonly used and applied on the infected part. Sometimes a colorless solution known as trichloracetic acid is also applied on external warts rendering the virus an unfavorable environment for growth and development. Though safe and less costly method, its prolong treatment duration is cumbersome to victims, and together with much discomfort that results from its use, such disadvantages makes it to be of less importance to victims. Painting and freezing or (cryosurgery) methods are only effective when treating premature warts. Instead of painting and cryosurgery techniques, electrocautery, which is a burning process, is occasionally used to clear small warts. However, the above methods are said to ineffective for larger wart and therefore the removal techniques are used. Generally, these are traditionally used methods, which even today are used by most healthcare providers.
With the advancement in technology, it has been possible in prevention of the HPV problem through the application of drug which boosts the immune systems.
Surprisingly that there are more than hundred types of HPV, around thirty of these types are said to cause STD infections to human beings, but of all these types, only four types can be prevented through immunization. Sources about this vaccine show that it’s effective for the prevention of infections from 16 and 18 HPV strains. However, these are said to be the most notorious strains causing about 70% of the cervical cancer infections in women. Of the most worrying things is the developed vaccine is only applicable to limited number of women. As revealed of the GARDASIL vaccine, it can only be received by ladies aged nine and twenty six years. With research showing that most girls are engaging in risky active sexually activities as early as six years and extending similar behavior to ages of thirty, then it means that a large number of female are still vulnerable to HPV infections.
Finally, the most important way in preventing HPV is by avoiding physical or direct skin contacts with people who are infected. Moreover, use of drugs and foods which contains elements necessary to augment the immune system is also highly recommended as a way of alleviating the chances of HPV infections. Foods rich in folic acid, iron and vitamins plays major role in the prevention of disease infection and these substances are useful in fight of HPV infections. Lentils, peas, oranges are some of foods that can lower HPV problem through immune system boosting.
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The author Linda Miller has academic writing experience of over ten years. She holds a PHD in education from Harvard. She has been assisting students in writing professional academic papers including thesis, dissertations, research papers and term papers. braviaresearchpapers.com
